By Sam Nwaoko
THE incoming administration in Nigeria faces the task of reimagining education in the country, as the sector continues to grapple with various challenges that hamper the country’s economic growth and development. Critical stakeholders have developed a blueprint for the next administration to tackle these issues.
Education plays a crucial role in a child’s development, shaping their abilities, attitudes, and behaviors that contribute to the society’s overall well-being. Despite education’s importance to national development, it is disheartening to note that the Nigerian education system has been hindered by various upheavals which pose a threat to the country’s economic growth, political progress and social prosperity.
Challenges of the Education sector: What figures say
Nigeria’s education sector faces several challenges, as indicated by available statistics. Being a complex nation, the country requires expert financial planners to manage its education funds. It is crucial that all funds allocated for education, including foreign grants and other forms of financial aid, are used solely for the intended purpose. This is the only way to guarantee proper funding.
Despite successive governments’ claims to allocating sufficient funds for education, the sector’s budgets have never met international standards. For example, the country has pledged to allocate four percent of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 25 percent of the national budget to education by 2025. However, stakeholders have reported that the education sector received its lowest budgetary allocation in a decade. The 5.39 percent allocation in 2022 represents a 50 percent reduction from the 10.79 percent earmarked for education in the national expenditure in 2015.
Stakeholders have highlighted other challenges affecting the sector, such as insecurity and poverty. In 2014, Boko Haram insurgents attacked the Government Girls Secondary School in Chibok, Borno State, and abducted approximately 276 female students aged between 16 and 18, marking the worst attack on education in Nigeria’s history.
“Insurgency continually ravages the North-East, while bandits kill and kidnap in the North-West and North-Central. In the South-West, there were minute cases of kidnappings and thuggery, while the South-East experiences cases of unknown gunmen on the rampage and the South-South has oil bunkering and militancy that has aggravated into kidnapping, as well. These crises have had adverse effects on education, including school closures and the killing and abduction of teachers and government officials. Poverty is another major issue affecting the education sector, with millions of children unable to attend school due to financial constraints. The Global Education Monitoring (GEM) report by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) estimated that there were 20 million out-of-school children in the country as of 2022.
Stakeholders’ manifesto to the next administration
The Nigerian education sector is faced with a multitude of problems, but there is hope for improvement. YouthHubAfrica, with the support of the Malala Fund and other notable civil society organisations (CSOs), has developed a manifesto that will guide the country’s education system as a new government takes office on May 29, 2023.
Discussing the need to re-imagine the education system in Nigeria, the Programme Manager of YouthHubAfrica, Mr Olusegun Medupin, explained that there are two key issues that CSOs are advocating – access and quality. Notably, Nigeria has one of the highest rates of out-of-school children in the world, as recent figures have shown.
Medupin emphasised identified quality of education as the second most crucial factor. According to him, despite the significant investments made by federal, state and local governments in the education sector, the majority of Nigerian children who complete primary school lack adequate literacy and writing skills.
“Therefore, there is a need to address the quality of education in Nigeria. The government must provide additional resources and use them effectively to prevent financial mismanagement. Furthermore, data and research tools should be utilised to direct resources to where they will have the most meaningful impact,” he said.
Medupin further stated that many state governors in Nigeria are primarily focused on constructing new classrooms as a popular way to showcase their achievements to the community during re-election campaigns. He said while this is commendable, the governors should also consider implementing non-tangible projects such as teacher training, stocking libraries with books, providing laboratory materials, ensuring timely and fair payment of teachers, and monitoring students’ numeracy and literacy skills which are undoubtedly the primary benefits of education.
“For me, this is the focus and we want to see more state governments invest in quality education and ensure that no one, irrespective of their financial status, ethnicity or religion is left out of benefitting from the standardised public education across Nigeria,” Medupin submitted.
Joshua Arogunyo, a social intervention specialist at the Almajiri Child Rights Initiative, emphasised the importance of safety, security and funding in schools. Arogunyo stated that school safety is a necessity, as learning cannot take place without it. He urged the government to implement safety measures by revisiting the Safe School Initiative Project and addressing the accountability issues that have arisen. Arogunyo also suggested that security personnel should be stationed at school gates in areas that are prone to conflict, while schools should be fenced to prevent intruders from easily accessing the premises.
Arogunyo further disclosed that approximately 70 percent of the out-of-school children in Nigeria are from the Almajiri system. He urged the newly elected government to prioritise the education of these children by integrating the Almajiri system into the formal educational system.
“The welfare of the Almajiri system should be a priority for the government. Despite the existence of the Child Rights Act, many children in the system still face harsh conditions, such as sleeping on the floor and going hungry. It is essential to implement quality measures to address these issues,” Arogunyo said.
Mrs Odinakachi Ahanonu, a policy advisor at the Civil Society Action Coalition on Education for All (CSACEFA), emphasised the urgent need for the government to address issues such as out-of-school children, gender inequality and girl-child education. She pointed out that in 2020, the Federal Government had committed N220 billion, a credit facility from the World Bank, to the Better Education Service Delivery for All (BESDA) programme in 17 states of the federation.
The primary goal of BESDA is to increase access to education for out-of-school children, enhance literacy rates and promote accountability at the basic education level. In addition to BESDA, UBEC launched the Open School Programme (OSP) in 2020 to cater to out-of-school children, with a flagship in six states. The OSP is a flexible educational system that allows learners to receive education from wherever they are and at any time, without relying on conventional schools or teachers.
Ahanonu stressed that addressing these issues is the primary responsibility of government at all levels and should be supported by other key stakeholders such as development partners, the private sector, civil society organisations, and community and religious leaders.
Oriyomi Ogunwale, the team lead at Eduplana Data and Tech, said there was the need for the incoming administration to prioritise digital education. Ogunwale expressed concern that even three years after the Covid-19 lockdown, Nigeria has yet to develop a comprehensive digital solution for education. He advised the Federal Government to equip schools with computers and internet access to address potential disruptions like the Covid-19 era. Ogunwale also urged the Federal Government to create a central system for sharing digital resources across all schools, including those in underserved and rural communities. Additionally, he implored the government to continue radio learning, which was adopted by state governments during the pandemic, as a means of preparing students for potential future disruptions.
Sola Fagorusi, the executive director of Onelife Initiative, emphasised the importance of free and high-quality education. “Education should be free, at least up to a certain level. Primary and secondary education should be free and of good quality. It should not only be free but also compulsory, as the quality of education received by today’s children and adolescents determines the quality of a nation’s future,” Fagorusi stated.
He highlighted the long-term impact of education, saying, “If you want to understand the impact of education or its lack thereof on a country’s tomorrow, look at where the Almajiris of the 1990s are today.”
Fagorusi stressed that improving the quality of education goes beyond simply allocating funds to the education sector. He said: “The quality of education is more than just throwing funds at the education sector, even though this is also very important. It is more than allocating the largest portion of the budget to education. It is first about having a deep-seated political commitment matched with state-of-the-art approaches and tools.”
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